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[Mind-Culture Coevolution Home] [Tech Evol Contents]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
:WAGEBIBL
Wages
Phelps Brown, E. H. & Hopkins, Sheila V.
1955 SEVEN CENTURIES OF BUILDING WAGES. _Economica_ 22:87.
Southern England, 1264-1954.
1956 SEVEN CENTURIES OF THE PRICES OF CONSUMABLES, COMPARED
WITH BUILDERS' WAGE-RATES. _Economica_ 296-314.
Samuelson uses data "updated by author."
Samuelson, Paul A., with the assistance of William Samuelson
1979 _ECONOMICS_. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Compa-
ny.
:METAPHOR
Metaphor
Benzon, William L. & Hays, David G.
1987 METAPHOR, RECOGNITION, AND NEURAL PROCESS. _American
Journal of Semiotics_ 5:59-79.
van Noppen, Jean-Pierre et al., comps.
198? _METAPHOR: A Bibliography of Post-1970 Publications_.
Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
:LINGBIBL
Linguistics
Berlin, Brent & Kay, Paul
1969 _BASIC COLOR TERMS: Their Universality and Evolution_.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bernstein, Basil / University of London / Institute of Education
1961 SOCIAL CLASS AND LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT: A Theory of
Social Learning, In EESo.
1962 LINGUISTIC CODES, HESITATION PHENOMENA AND INTELLIGENCE.
_Language and Speech_ 5:31-46.
1964 ELABORATED AND RESTRICTED CODES: Their Social Origins and
some Consequences. _Amer. Anthrop._ 66(2 pt 2):55-69.
1971 _CLASS, CODES AND CONTROL_: Vol 1, _Theoretical Studies
towards a Sociology of Language_. London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul Ltd.
Chomsky, Noam
1957 _SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES_. The Hague: Mouton.
Hall, Edward Twitchell [1914- ]
1959 _THE SILENT LANGUAGE_. New York: Doubleday.
Hawkins, John A. & Gell-Mann, Murray, eds.
1992 _THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN LANGUAGES_. (Santa Fe Institute
Studies in the Sciences of Complexity 11) Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Hays, David G.
1964 DEPENDENCY THEORY: A FORMALISM AND SOME OBSERVATIONS.
_Language_ 40(4):511-525.
Hays, David G.; Margolis, Enid; Naroll, Raoul & Perkins, Revere
Dale
1972 COLOR TERM SALIENCE. _American Anthropologist_ 74:1107-
1121.
Keenan, Edward L. & Comrie, Bernard
1977 NOUN PHRASE ACCESSIBILITY AND UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR. _Lin-
guistic Inquiry_ 8:63-99.
Accessibility Hierarchy (AH)
SU > DO > IO > OBL > GEN > OCOMP 66
The Hierarchy Constraints (HCs)
1. A language must be able to relativize subjects.
2. Any RC-forming strategy must apply to a continuous
segment of the AH.
3. Strategies that apply at one point of the AH may in
principle cease to apply at any lower point. 67
Table 1. Languages: Relativizable positions for RC strat-
egies. 76-79.
Going down AH, languages retain pronouns more often.
Table 2. 93
Marshall, Nancy & Glock, Marvin D.
1978 COMPREHENSION OF CONNECTED DISCOURSE: A Study into the
Relationships between the Structure of Text and Informa-
tion Recalled. _Reading Research Quarterly_ 14:10-56.
If-then relations explicit or implied; adjectives in
superlative, comparative, or simple form; main idea at
beginning or end of text; designated clause at beginning
or end of designated sentence. Manipulations affect
recall of community college Ss but not Ivy League college
Ss. Results define 2 different populations of readers.
Perkins, Revere Dale
1980 THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURE AND GRAMMAR. PhD thesis, State
University of New York.
1988 THE COVARIATION OF CULTURE AND GRAMMAR. In _Studies in
Syntactic Typology_ (Typological Studies in Language 17).
Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Hammond, Michael, Edith Moravcsik, and Jessica Wirth,
University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee, eds., pages 359-378.
Sapir, Edward [1884-1939]
1921 _LANGUAGE: An Introduction to the Study of Speech_. New
York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Definitively anti-evolutionary.
Swadesh, Morris [1909-1967]
1971 _THE ORIGIN AND DIVERSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE_. Sherzer,
Joel, ed. & Hymes, Dell, intro. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton
Inc.
Language began at most 50 kya.
1972 London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
:HmRvBIBL
The Rankshift to Sapience
Bar-Yosef, Ofer & Vandermeersch, Bernard
1993 MODERN HUMANS IN THE LEVANT. _Scientific American_ 268-
(4):94-100.
Donald, Merlin / Queens University, Kingston, Ontario
1991 _ORIGINS OF THE MODERN MIND: Three Stages in the Evolution
of Culture and Cognition_. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-
sity Press.
Fagan, Brian M.
1990 _THE JOURNEY FROM EDEN: The Peopling of our World_.
London & New York: Thames and Hudson.
Hockett, Charles Francis / Cornell University
1978 IN SEARCH OF JOVE'S BROW. _American Speech_ 53:243-313.
Hockett, Charles Francis & Ascher, Robert
1964 THE HUMAN REVOLUTION. _Current Anthropology_ 5:135-168.
1968 Rpt in M. Fried, 323-346.
1974 Rpt. in Cohen.
Thorne, Alan G. & Wolpoff, Milford H.
1992 THE MULTIREGIONAL EVOLUTION OF HUMANS. _Scientific Ameri-
can_ 266(4).
Wilson, Allan C. & Cann, Rebecca L.
1992 THE RECENT AFRICAN GENESIS OF HUMANS. _Scientific Ameri-
can 266(4).
:COGNBIBL
Cognition
Barbu, Zevedei
1960 _PROBLEMS OF HISTORICAL PSYCHOLOGY_. New York: Grove
Press, Inc.
Benzon, William L., & Hays, David G.
1988 PRINCIPLES AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL INTELLIGENCE.
_Journal of Social and Biological Structures_ 11:293-322.
To account for the relation of mind and brain, we propose
principles of modal switching, diagonalization across
channels of perception, decision by the integration of
positive and negative feedback systems, figural composi-
tion of digital and image processes, and indexing from one
subsystem into another. The phylogeny and ontogeny of
these principles are discussed.
Benzon, William L., & Hays, David G.
1990 COGNITIVE EVOLUTION. _Journal of Social and Biological
Structures_, 13(4):297-320.
With cultural evolution new processes of thought appear.
Abstraction is universal, but rationalization first ap-
peared in ancient Greece, theorization in Renaissance
Italy, and model building in twentieth-century Europe.
These processes support the methods of metaphor, meta-
lingual definition, algorithm, and control, respectively.
The intellectual and practical achievements of populations
guided by the several processes and exploiting the differ-
ent mechanisms differ so greatly as to warrant separation
into cultural ranks. The fourth rank is not completely
formed, while regions of the world and parts of every
population continue to operate by the processes of earlier
ranks.
Frankfort, Henri; H.A. Frankfort, John A Wilson, Thorkild
Jacobsen, & William A Irwin
1946 _THE INTELLECTUAL ADVENTURES OF ANCIENT MAN_. University
of Chicago Press.
Jaynes, Julian
1976 _THE ORIGIN OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE BREAKDOWN OF THE
BICAMERAL MIND_. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Lassen, Niels A., Ingvar, David H. & Skinhoj, Erik
1978 BRAIN FUNCTION AND BLOOD FLOW. _Scientific American_
239(4):62-71.
Changes in the amount of blood flowing in areas of the
human cerebral cortex, reflecting changes in the activity
of those areas, are graphically revealed with the aid of a
radioactive isotope.
Le Pan. Don
1989 _THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION IN WESTERN CULTURE_: Vol 1:
_The Birth of Expectation_. Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Powers William T.
1973 _BEHAVIOR: THE CONTROL OF PERCEPTION_. Chicago: Aldine
Publishing Company.
Van den Berg, J. H.
1961 _THE CHANGING NATURE OF MAN: Introduction to a Historical
Psychology_. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
:AGSPREAD
The Spread of Agricultue
Ammerman, Albert J. [1942- ], & Cavalli-Sforza, L[uigi] L[uca]
[1922- ]
1971 MEASURING THE RATE OF SPREAD OF EARLY FARMING IN EUROPE.
_Man_ 6:674-688.
For a collection of sites, distance from Jericho is corre-
lated with radiocarbon date of farming at the site.
1973 A POPULATION MODEL FOR THE DIFFUSION OF EARLY FARMING IN
EUROPE. In Renfrew, 343-358.
1979 THE WAVE OF ADVANCE MODEL FOR THE SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE IN
EUROPE [EARLY FARMING]. In Renfrew & Cooke, 275-294.
1984 _THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION AND THE GENETICS OF POPULATIONS
IN EUROPE_. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rev AA 87:974-975 / Meiklejohn, Christopher
Rev Man 21:543-544 / Roberts, D. F.
Sokal, Robert R., Oden, Neal L. & Wilson, Chester / SUNY @ Stony
Brook
1991 GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR THE SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE IN EUROPE
BY DEMIC DIFFUSION. _Nature_ 351(0509):143-145.
Partial correlations of genetic distances are significant
against a distance matrix for agriculture. Support Ammer-
man and Cavalli-Sforza.
Sokal, Robert R. et al.
1992 Genetic patterns of many different European populations;
family tree. Correlates 0.14 with Ruhlen's linguistic
taxonomy. Controlling for geographic distance leaves
0.06. Neither Gimbutas's or Renfrew's model reduces that,
so neither is supported. (Proceedings of the National
Academy of Science, reported in _Scientific American_
267(5):28)
:CALCBIBL
Calculation
Apian, Peter
1527 _EYN NEWE UNND WOLGEGRUENDEDTE UNDERWEYSUNG ALLER KAUFF-
MANSS RECHNUNG_. Cited in _Scientific American_ 267(5):
100.
Fibonacci [Leonardo da Pisa]
1202 _LIBER ABBACI_. Also cited as ALGEBRA ET ALMUCHABALA.
Algorithms of arithmetic received an effective European
exposition. (Ball 1908)
Khowarizm, Abu Ja'far Mohammed ibn Musa al-
825 KITAB AL JABR W'AL-MUQABALA. (Penrose 1989)
The algorithms of arithmetic were collected.
Newman, James R.
1956 _THE WORLD OF MATHEMATICS: A small library of the litera-
ture of mathematics from A'h-mose the Scribe to Albert
Einstein, presented with commentaries and notes by James
R. Newman. 4 vols. New York: Simon and Schuster.
van der Waerden, Bartel Leenert / Mathematisches Institut der
Universitat Zurich
1985 _HISTORY OF ALGEBRA_. Berlin & New York: Springer-Verlag.
Citing a lecture by Warren Van Egmond, Waerden says that
the Italian word 'abbaco' means 'practical arithmetic. It
does NOT mean 'abacus'. So Fibonacci's _Liber abbaci_ was
not a book about the abacus, but a book about practical
arithmetic. Leonardo was the son of a merchant who,
expecting his son to be a merchant also, sent him to
Algeria to learn arithmetic. The son wrote books about
what he had learned from the Muslims, and _Liber Abbaci_
was the first.
:COMPBIBL
Computation
The encyclopedias give credit for the first computer to
Eckert and Mauchly, the inventors of ENIAC (in fact, they
had collaborators). I consider that the crucial step across
the threshold into a new era was taken by John von Neumann,
who is recognized as the sole inventor of the stored program
computer and the program language; his ideas were implement-
ed in EDVAC, which followed ENIAC. These two steps were
taken at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the
University of Pennsylvania (von Neumann was a consultant).
Arthur Burks was a member of the EDVAC team. He and his wife
have written this tendentious and tedious book to argue that
Atanasoff, at Iowa State College, Ames, invented the first
electronic automatic computer. An American court has said
that he did, but no one pays attention.
Which is the invention of the computer: Atanasoff's vacuum--
tube adder with storage of numbers and a relay control unit
that is the one permanent "program"? Eckert and Mauchly's
vacuum-tube arithmetic and (small) storage, with program in
(slowly) modifiable plugboards? Or von Neumann's stored-
program machine in which the program can modify itself and
programs can be written as texts in programming languages?
Everything you call a computer is built to von Neumann's
design, but most of the parts were there for him to use. Or
was the real inventor Alan Turing?
Bernstein, Jeremy
1964 _THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE: Computers, Past, Present, and
Future._ New York: Random House.
Burks Alice R. [1920- ] and Arthur Walter Burks [1915- ]
1988 THE FIRST ELECTRONIC COMPUTER: The Atanasoff Story. Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Rev BYTE 1988 September / Vose, G. Michael & 1989 July /
Mauchly, John William, Jr.
Burks, A. W., H. H. Goldstine, and J. von Neumann
1946 PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION OF THE LOGICAL DESIGN OF AN ELEC-
TRONIC COMPUTING INSTRUMENT. Institute for Advanced
Study.
Carpenter, B. E., and R. W. Doran, eds.
1977 THE OTHER TURING MACHINE. _Comp. Journal_ 20:269-279.
1986 A. M. TURING'S ACE REPORT OF 1946 AND OTHER PAPERS_.
Cambridge: MIT Press and Los Angeles: Tomash Publishers.
Ceruzzi, Paul E.
1983 _RECKONERS: The Prehistory of the Digital Computer from
Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1933-1945_. West-
port, CT: Greenwood Press.
1989 ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE, 1940-1975: A
Coevolution. _Annals of the History of Computing_ 10:257-
275.
Davis, Martin
1988 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND THE ORIGIN OF MODERN COMPUTERS. In
_The Universal Turing Machine: A Half-century Survey_,
edited by Rolf Herken. Hamburg: Kammerer & Unverzagt &
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pages 149-174.
1988 INFLUENCES OF MATHEMATICAL LOGIC ON COMPUTER SCIENCE. In
Herken, pages 315-326.
Hodges, A.
1983 _ALAN TURING: The Enigma_. London: Burnett & New York:
Simon and Schuster.
Macrae, Norman
1992 _JOHN VON NEUMANN: The Scientific Genius who Pioneered the
Modern Computer, Game Theory, and Nuclear Deterrence_.
New York: Pantheon Books [Random House].
Turing, Alan M.
1936 ON COMPUTABLE NUMBERS with an application to the Ent-
scheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical
Society (2) 42:230-267, 1936-7.
1945 PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT in the Mathematics Division of
an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE). National Physical
Laboratory of Great Britain.
von Neumann, John
1945 FIRST DRAFT OF A REPORT ON THE EDVAC. Moore School of
Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania.
:SCIBIBL
Science
Burckhardt, Jacob Christoph [1818-1897]
1945 _THE CIVILIZATION OF THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY_.
Butterfield, Herbert
1950 _ORIGINS OF MODERN SCIENCE 1300-1800_. London: Bill.
1957 New York: The Free Press.
Cohen, I. Bernard / Harvard University
1985 _REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE_. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press.
Conant, James B. / Harvard University
1947 _ON UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE: An Historical Approach_. Yale
University Press.
1953 Paper. New York: New American Library.
Conant was installing General Education at Harvard when he
wrote this book. On the cover of my Mentor paperback: "A
Famous Scientist Explains Science and its Role Today".
Gingerich, Owen / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
1992 ASTRONOMY IN THE AGE OF COLUMBUS. SA 267(5):100-105.
Hellmans, A. & B. Bunch
1988 _THE TIMETABLES OF SCIENCE_. New York: Simon and Schus-
ter.
Popper, Karl Raimund, Sir [1902- ]
1935 _LOGIK DER FORSCHUNG_. Vienna.
1959 _The Logic of Scientific Discovery_. New York: Basic
Books. London: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd.
1984 Critical Remarks on the Knowledge of Lower and Higher
Organisms, the So-called Sensory Motor Systems. In Creutz-
feld et al., 19-31.
28: "I have developed a view of the growth of knowledge--
of human knowledge more specifically, but also of animal
knowledge--which differs greatly from nearly everbody
else's. According to this view, our knowledge is not in
the main derived from experience, not even from experience
as I see it: the elimination of bad guesses. Most of our
knowledge, and animal knowledge, and even vegetable knowl-
edge, is rather the result of sheer invention. ... All
organisms are professional problem solvers: before life,
problems did not exist. Problems and life entered the
world together, and with them problem solving." CWHC 203
:POLINFO
Information in Political Structure
Johnson, Gregory A.
1978 INFORMATION SOURCES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DECISION-MAKING
ORGANIZATIONS. In Renfrew, _Social Archeology_, 87.
With 6 or so sources, a society needs specialists in
planning and control. (Pfeiffer 1982:206)
1983 DECISION-MAKING ORGANIZATION and Pastoral Nomad Camp Size.
_Human Ecology_ 11:175-199.
Typical size and maximum potential range are constrained
by limits on the ability of individuals and small groups
to monitor and process information for decisions.
Thompson, F. B.
1964 DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS. In Bennett et
al., 46-87.
Thompson made numerical estimates of "The extent of the
informational processes of the Department of Defense,"
claiming only that the "logarithms are of the right order
of magnitude": 100 billion billion "Considerations within
area of responsibility" for DoD, with "Average time be-
tween significant contextual changes" 1 microsecond.
The command hierarchy facilitates control over this great
quantity of information. Those at higher ranks have "to
leave certain of these details to subordinates and to deal
with higher-level abstractions ..." Conversely, those at
lower ranks accept commands defining their contexts.
Thompson's characterization of abstraction is "grouping
otherwise discriminable aspects as a single object." This
is generalization; true abstraction might instead be
phrased as "organizing otherwise unrelated aspects into
the pattern of a single object or event."
Van der Leeuw, S. E.
1982 INFORMATION FLOWS, FLOW STRUCTURES AND THE EXPLANATION OF
CHANGE IN HUMAN INSTITUTIONS. In Van der Leeuw.
Rev AA 86:444 / Haas. A "field" theory of information
processing in social structure.
1982 (Ed.) _ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF COMPLEXI-
TY_. Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Wirsing, Rolf, Dr.
1973 POLITICAL POWER AND INFORMATION: A Cross-Cultural Study.
_American Anthropologist_ 75:153-170.
Power is related to number of structural levels of infor-
mation processing. Power: warfare, adjudication, appoint-
ment, wealth, labor. Number of political power positions
increases, control depends on ability to control informa-
tion; economic and political development tend to parallel
each other. TEHC 38
:WARBIBL
War
Andrzejewski, Stanislaw
1954 _MILITARY ORGANIZATION AND SOCIETY_. London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul Ltd.
Davie, Maurice R. [1893- ]
1929 _THE EVOLUTION OF WAR: A Study of its Role in Early
Societies_. (Yale Publications in Economics, Social
Science and Government, 1.) New Haven, CT: Yale Universi-
ty Press. WPSo
1969 Rpt. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press.
Ferguson, R. Brian, ed.
1992 _TRIBAL WARFARE_. Cited in _Scientific American_ 266(1):-
108.
Leavitt, Gregory C.
1977 THE FREQUENCY OF WARFARE: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE.
_Sociological Inquiry_ 47(1):49-58.
Otterbein, Keith F. / SUNY Buffalo / Anthropology
1968 INTERNAL WAR: A Cross-Cultural Study. _American Anthro-
pologist 70:277-289.
1970 _THE EVOLUTION OF WAR: A Cross-Cultural Study_. New
Haven: HRAF Press. Carneiro, Robert L., foreword.
1985 2d ed
Cultural complexity is associated with more frequent
external war, warfare for economic or political gain, less
feuding, and a more stable peace following the cessation
of fighting. TEHC 42
Compared: Territorial loss - Unstable boundaries - Stable
- Expansion Band - Tribe - Chiefdom - State in 50 soci-
eties, no significant correlation.
Tefft, Stanton K. & Reinhart, Douglas
1974 WARFARE REGULATION: A Cross-cultural Test of Hypotheses
among Tribal Peoples. _Behavior Science Research 9:151-
172.
Turney-High, Harry Hulbert [b. 1899]
1942 _THE PRACTICE OF PRIMITIVE WAR_. University of Montana.
Publications in the Social Sciences 2.
1949 _PRIMITIVE WAR: Its Practices and Concepts_. Columbia:
University of South Carolina Press.
1972 2d ed.
Wright, Quincy [1890-1970]
1942 _A STUDY OF WAR_. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
1965 2d ed. 1 vol, with a Commentary on War since 1942.
1968 THE STUDY OF WAR. In _International Encyclopedia of
Social Sciences_, 16:453-468. WPSo
:SUPRBIBL
The Male Supremacist Complex
(Note: AA =_American Anthropologist_)
Divale, William Tulio [1942- ]
1970 AN EXPLANATION FOR PRIMITIVE WARFARE: Population Control
and the Significance of Primitive Sex Ratios. _New Schol-
ar_ 2:172-193.
1971 A THEORY OF POPULATION CONTROL IN PRIMITIVE CULTURE (Test-
ed Cross-culturally on 462 Societies). M.A. thesis.
California State College at Los Angeles.
DivaIe, Wil1iam T., and Marvin Harris
1976 POPULATION, WARFARE AND THE MALE SUPREMACIST COMPLEX.
78:521-538.
112 societies; boys to 14 yrs outnumber girls 127:100
before colonial power; after, 104:100. Female infanticide.
KndH 296
1978 THE MALE SUPREMACIST COMPLEX: Discovery of a Cultural
Invention. AA 80:668-671.
1978 Reply to Lancaster and Lancaster. AA 80:117-118.
Divale, William T., Harris, Marvin & Williams, Donald T.
1978 On the Misuse of Statistics: A Reply to Hirschfeld et al.
AA 80:379-386.
Fjellman, Stephen M.
1979 HEY, YOU CAN'T DO THAT. _Behavior Science Research_
14:199-200.
Hirschfeld, Lawrence A. / Columbia University
1979 REPLY. AA 81:349-350.
Hirschfeld, Lawrence A., James Howe, and Bruce Levin
1978 WARFARE, INFANTICIDE, AND STATISTICAL INFERENCE. AA
80:110-115.
Howe, James / Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1978 NINETY-TWO MYTHICAL POPULATIONS. AA 80:671-673.
Kang, Gay, Susan Horan, and Janet Reis
1979 COMMENTS. _Behavior Science Research_ 14:201-209.
Lancaster, Chet & Lancaster, Jane Beckman
1978 ON THE MALE SUPREMACIST COMPLEX. AA 80:115-117.
Norton, Helen H. / University of Washington
1978 THE MALE SUPREMACIST COMPLEX: DISCOVERY OR INVENTION? AA
80:665-667.
:PRDGMBIBL
Paradigms
Benedict, Ruth (Fulton) [1887-1948
1934 _PATTERNS OF CULTURE_. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Hollinger, David A.
1973 T. S. KUHN'S THEORY OF SCIENCE and its Implications for
History. _American Historical Review_ 78:370-393.
Holton, Gerald
1973 THE THEMATIC COMPONENT IN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT: Origins of
Relativity Theory and other Essays. _Graduate Journal_
[University of Texas @ Austin] 9 (Supplement).
1973 _THEMATIC ORIGINS OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT_. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
1975 ON THE ROLE OF THEMATA IN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT. _Science_
188:328-334.
Kuhn, Thomas S.
1962 _THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS_. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press.
Any edition of this book will serve to give the reader a
feel for the concept of a scientific "paradigm".
1970 Logic of discovery or psychology of research. In Lakatos
& Musgrave.
Merton, Robert K.
1975 THEMATIC ANALYSIS IN SCIENCE: NOTES ON HOLTON'S CONCEPT.
_Science_ 188:335-338.
:Po12BIBL
Political Growth from Rank 1 to Rank 2
Abrahamson, Mark
1969 CORRELATES OF POLITICAL COMPLEXITY. _American Sociologi-
cal Review_ 34:690-701.
The more complex a society, the less important are kin
ties and kinship organization. TEHC 38
Carneiro, Robert Leonard
1970 A THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE. _Science_ 169:733-
738.
1972 FROM AUTONOMOUS VILLAGES TO THE STATE: A Numerical Esti-
mation. In PGAI = Spooner, 64-77.
1988 THE CIRCUMSCRIPTION THEORY: Challenge and Response.
_American Behavioral Scientist_ 31:497-511.
Cohen, Ronald
1984 WARFARE AND STATE FORMATION: Wars Make States and States
Make Wars. In Ferguson, 329-355.
Conflict vs consensus view of the state. KndH 382
Cohen, Ronald, & Elman R. Service, eds.
1978 _ORIGINS OF THE STATE: The Anthropology of Political
Evolution_. Philadelphia, PA: Institute for the Study of
Human Sciences.
Crumley, Carole L. / University of Missouri, Columbia
1976 TOWARD A LOCATIONAL DEFINITION OF STATE SYSTEMS OF SETTLE-
MENT. _American Anthropologist_ 78:59-73.
"Urbanism is one of several ways to consolidate, concen-
trate, and organize the coercive power necessary for state
formation. Central Place Theory (CPT) is a model of urban
settlement frequently chosen to approach the broader
problem of state formation, but its universal applicabili-
ty is in doubt. Spatial and functional definitions of
urbanism, functional center, and functional lattice are
derived using other theories. A typology of state-level
settlements. Advantages of a locational approach to the
investigation of settlement systems."
Dalton, George / Boston University
1981 ANTHROPOLOGICAL MODELS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE. In
PPDC, 17-48.
Flannery, Kent V.
? The origins of the village as a settlement type in Meso-
america and the Near East: A comparative study. In ???,
23-53.
1972 THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF CIVILIZATIONS. _Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics_ 3:399-426.
Over 20 traits for the state (403-404).
Fried, Morton Herbert [1923-1986]
1967 _THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL SOCIETY: An Essay in Polical
Anthropology_. New York: Random House.
Haas, Jonathan
1982 _THE EVOLUTION OF THE PREHISTORIC STATE_. = EPSt New
York: Columbia University Press.
Integration requires control, which can become coercive.
Henke, Robert
1973 A CROSS-CULTURAL TREATMENT OF CHANGES IN PREHISTORIC
SETTLEMENT SIZE. In MCCA, 355-360. MRPL
Ingold, Tim
1987 _EVOLUTION AND SOCIAL LIFE_ (Themes in the Social Scienc-
es). Cambridge University Press.
Rev Man 23:413-414 / Ellen, Roy / University of Kent at
Canterbury.
1990 COMMENT on "Foragers, Genuine or Spurious" by Solway &
Lee. _Current Anthropology_ 31:130-131.
Forager sociality is of such a different order that the
term "society" is inappropriate. (130-131 > ASP? 41, 43,
45n19)
Isaac, Barry L.
University of Cincinnati / Department of Anthropology
1975 RESOURCE SCARCITY, COMPETITION, AND COOPERATION in Cultur-
al Evolution. In Brady & Isaac, 125-143.
Chiefdom level would be possible without agriculture,
where natural foods are plentiful. (p. 139)
Conquest warfare is "merely the final step in the forma-
tion of large states." (p. 138)
A chiefdom does not have a monopoly on the legitimate use
of force within the polity, but a state does. (p. 140)
Johnson, Gregory A.
CUNY / Hunter College / Department of Anthropology
1973 LOCAL EXCHANGE AND EARLY STATE DEVELOPMENT in Southwestern
Iran. University of Michigan / Museum of Anthropology,
_Anthropological Papers_ 51.
Sites of four distinct sizes; material evidence of admin-
istrative responsibility (record-keeping seals and stamps)
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From kinship-ordered egalitarian society, different paths
led to different state-ordered stratified societies. The
'Asiatic'/Village-State mode of production emerged from an
identifiable centre on the basis of an extensive, uniform
ecology; descent groups remained the corporate societal
elements. The organic urbanism of City-State Mesopotamia
emerged from topographical diversity in an open-ended
positive feedback system with many diverse inputs. In the
process new minimal lineage forms developed embedded in,
and subsumed by, the household as a larger co-residential
grouping, the latter displacing the kinship idiom as the
basic mode of social organisation in the emerging urban
society. City-State stratification/urbanism was rooted in
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"... a milestone in the discussion of ..." chiefdoms. 14
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A high chief might execute a person who violated his
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wife.
"The paramount chief's servant could enter a person's
house, seize cloth, kill pigs, take the last breadfruit,
and pull up the houseposts for firewood, while the owner,
even if he were a subchief, would look on without saying a
word. Ellis notes that farmers, on pain of banishment or
of being used as sacrificial victims had to supply produce
for chiefs if they stopped nearby while traveling."
[39-40] The chief uses a substantial part of what he
takes for his retinue and to live in a grand style.
:KINGBIBL
Kingdoms
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1974 CHIEFDOM TO STATE: Political Evolution at Kaminaljuyu,
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1864 _JOURNAL OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE NILE_. New
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337-338: Saw a Ganda king send 1, 2, or 3 women to death
almost every day. UCSn 5.
Wittfogel, Karl August
1957 _ORIENTAL DESPOTISM: A Comparative Study of Total Power_.
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:NATNBIBL
Nations
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1992 _BRITONS: Forging the Nation 1707-1837_. New Haven: Yale
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Rev NYTBR 1011:11 / Ritvo, Harriet
Learning to identify with the nation as a whole.
Kohn, Hans
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1959 _FIVE IDEAS THAT CHANGE THE WORLD. New York: W. W. Norton
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:ECOLBIBL
Ecology
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1967 _THE ECONOMICS OF IRRIGATION_. London: Pergamon Press.
Energy cost will prevent much more irrigation. EAWM* 9
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1971 _WORLD DYNAMICS_. Cambridge, MA: Wright-Allen Press.
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1969 _OPERATING MANUAL FOR SPACESHIP EARTH_. Carbondale, IL.
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1972 _LIMITS TO GROWTH. A Report for the Club of Rome's Project
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1971 3rd ed.
1971 _ENVIRONMENT, POWER, AND SOCIETY_. Wiley-Interscience.
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I. N., Sholes, O. D. & Whitman, R. J.
1973 FOOD PRODUCTION AND THE ENERGY CRISIS. _Science_ 182:443.
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:THEOBIBL
Theory of Evolution
Boyd, Robert & Richerson, Peter J.
1985 _CULTURE AND THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS_. University of
Chicago Press.
Bronowski, Jacob (1908-1974)
"stratified stability": Progress occurs because of inher-
ent stabilities that reduce backsliding. Language is one;
writing built on it. In biology, replicating molecules,
cell envelopes, sexual recombination, and brains. CWHC
197
Campbell, Donald T[homas] [1916- ]
1960 BLIND VARIATION AND SELECTIVE RETENTION in creative
thought as in other knowledge processes. _Psychological
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1983 _THE SYNERGISM HYPOTHESIS: A Theory of Progressive Evolu-
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5: [The hypothesis:] "It it the selective advantages
arising from various synergistic effects that constitute
the underlying cause of the apparently orthogenetic (or
directional) aspect of evolutionary history, that is, the
progressive emergence of complex, hierarchically organized
systems."
13: "In the Interactional Paradigm, social causation is
viewed as multileveled, configural, and interactive. It
seeks to integrate deterministic, teleonomic (goal-direct-
ed), and stochastic elements and--from a different per-
spective--internal (biopsychological) and external (social
and ecological) elements into a dynamic, hierarchical
framework."
Dawkins, Richard / Zoology, Oxford
1986 _THE BLIND WATCHMAKER_. London: Longman.
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1937 _GENETICS AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES_. New York: Columbia
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1930 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford: Cla-
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Goertzel, Ben
1992 SELF-ORGANIZING EVOLUTION. _Journal of Social and Evolu-
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Natural selection in the creation of form: Algorithmic
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cellular automata. A new mathematical formulation of the
theory of evolution by natural selection, taking into
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1966 _A MEASUREMENT OF CREATIVITY IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION.
_American Anthropologist_ 68:1384-1417.
Creativity peaks are "the effects of underlying cycles in
the political, economic, and social milieu." Simonton
1981:628
1972 PARADOXES IN WESTERN CREATIVITY. _American Anthropolo-
gist_ 74:676-688.
Statistical data on creativity in the arts and philosophy
Kroeber (_Configurations of Culture Growth_) dealt quali-
tatively with this topic.
Haldane, J. B. S.
1932 _THE CAUSES OF EVOLUTION_. New York: Harper & London:
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Hull, David L. / University of Wisconsin @ Milwaukee
1988 Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the
Social and Conceptual Development of Science. University
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Rev JSES 15:123-134 / Grontkowski, Christine, R. / Alfred
(NY) University / Philosophy
"Just as organisms in general behave in ways to increase
their own genetic inclusive fitness, scientists tend to
behave in ways calculated to increase their own conceptual
inclusive fitness." 319 > JSES 15:124
Reading this sentence, and remembering the selfish gene,
it occurred to me that the scientist's papers are the
genes in cultural evolution; in general, the culture
(observable things and behaviors including speech) are the
genome. The organisms are persons! 920729
Huxley, Julian Sorrell, Sir [1887-1975]
1942 _EVOLUTION: The Modern Synthesis_. New York: Harper &
Brothers.
The subtitle has become a standard term.
Progress is "all-round biological efficiency, i.e. as
increasing control over and independence of the environ-
ment" PvHs 127
Mutations and natural selection explain gradual evolution;
known genetic mechanisms can explain macroevolutionary
processes and speciation.
Huxley, Julian Sorrell, Sir [1887-1975]
1960 AT RANDOM, A TELEVISION PREVIEW. In Tax & Callendar,
3:41-65.
Evolution is "a one-way process, irreversible in time,
producing apparent novelties and greater variety, and
leading to higher degrees of organization." "Higher means
more differentiated, more complex, but at the same time
more integrated." [44; Carneiro 1972:257]
Kauffman, Stuart A.
1984 "Complex systems exhibit far more spontaneous order than
we have supposed, an order that evolutionary theory has
ignored. But that realization only begins to state our
problem. ... Now the task becomes much more trying, for we
must not only envision the self-ordering principles of
complex systems but also try to understand how such self-
ordering interacts with, enables, guides, and constrains
natural selection. ... Biologists are fully aware of
natural selection, but have never asked how selection
interacts with the collective self-ordered properties of
complex systems. We are entering virgin territory." CWHC
194
1992 Santa Fe Institute / Biochemist
"As one ascends in levels of complexity from quarks to
human societies, one finds properties that cannot be
predicted from the properties of the parts. ... no finite
way of parsing the world into objects and laws by which
they interact." _Scientific American_ 267(6):22
Kroeber, Alfred
1944 _CONFIGURATIONS OF CULTURE GROWTH_. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
Mayr, Ernst
1942 _SYSTEMATICS AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES_.
1982 Repr New York: Columbia University Press.
Variation exists; it is adaptive; variation within species
is similar to variation among species. Species arise from
intra-specific variation.
Taxonomy cannot be exact because evolution requires incip-
ient species and genera. (p. 114)
Species are defined by the capacity for interbreeding.
(p. 120)
1982 _THE GROWTH OF BIOLOGICAL THOUGHT: Diversity, Evolution,
Inheritance_. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universitv Press.
1988 _TOWARD A NEW PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY_. Harvard UP.
Mendel, Gregor Johann
1865 VERSUCHE UEBER PFLANZENHYBRIDEN.
Laws of inheritance. Published in an obscure local jour-
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The paper was rediscovered by 3 workers independently in
1900.
Nicolis, G. [1939- ] & Prigogine, I[lya]
1977 _SELF-ORGANIZATION IN NONEQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS_. New York:
John Wiley & Sons.
"Wherever we look, we discover evolutionary processes
leading to diversification and increasing complexity."
(p. 1)
"Remarkably, the idea of evolution that appeared in phys-
ics through the second law [of thermodynamics] was formu-
lated almost simultaneously in the 19th century in biology
and sociology." [Darwin, Spencer] (p. 2)
"Only if appropriate [positive] feedback conditions are
satisfied can the thermodynamic branch become unstable at
a sufficient distance from equilibrium." (p. 4)
"Life considered as a result of improbable initial condi-
tions is therefore compatible with the laws of physics
(initial conditions can be arbitrarily chosen) but does
not follow from the laws of physics (which do not pre-
scribe the initial conditions)." (p. 14)
Prigogine, I[lya]
1955 _INTRODUCTION TO THE THERMODYNAMICS OF IRREVERSIBLE PRO-
CESSES_. Charles C. Thomas, Publishers.
1967 3d ed New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Pulliam, H. Ronald & Dunford, Christopher
1980 _PROGRAMMED TO LEARN: An Essay on the Evolution of Cul-
ture_. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rev AA 84:105-129 / Boehm, Christopher
Rensch, Bernhard / University of Munster / Zoology
1960 _EVOLUTION ABOVE THE SPECIES LEVEL_. New York: Columbia
University Press.
Rev AA 63:880-881 / Hutchinson, G. E.
Simonton, Dean Keith / University of California, Davis
1975 SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT OF INDIVIDUAL CREATIVITY: A Trans-
historical Time Series Analysis. _J Personality and
Social Psychology_ 32:1119-1133.
Dynamic structural equation for creativity in Graeco-Roman
and Western civilization. The overall trend is exponen-
tial. Deviations are explained by extrinsic, environmen-
tal predictors such as political fragmentation, political
instability, imperial instability, and war or by intrinsic
influence from previous generations. The clustering of
creators into configurations is due to both. Military
revolts, coups-d'etat, dynastic conflicts, political
assassinations, etc., reduce creativity in the next gener-
ation. Revolts and rebellions against large empire
states, increase creativity in the next generation.
Simpson, George Gaylord [b. 1902]
1944 _TEMPO AND MODE IN EVOLUTION_. New York: Columbia Univer-
sity Press.
Macroevolution usually occurs in small populations.
Taagepera, Rein & Colby, Benjamin N.
1979 GROWTH OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION: Epicyclical or Exponen-
tial? _American Anthropologist_ 81:907-912.
Exponential growth may be partially due to general popula-
tion growth and to the tendency to discount earlier his-
torical events.
Gray is arbitrary and subjective, misses extraneous fac-
tors, and cannot acceptably measure one genius relative to
another.
Vanderburg, William H. [Willem H.]
1985 _THE GROWTH OF MINDS AND CULTURES: A Unified Theory of the
Structure of Human Experience_. Ellul, Jacques, foreword.
Toronto, Ontario & Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto
Press.
Rev Man 21:786-787 / Jahoda, Marie
[Mind-Culture Coevolution Home] [Tech Evol Contents] [1 History] [2 Ranks] [3 Energetics] [4 Informatics] [5 Politics] [6 Investment] [7 Appropriate] [8 Best They Could] [Bibliography] [Figures] [Notes] |