asweknowit.ca | Mind-Culture Coevolution home

[Mind-Culture Coevolution Home] [Tech Evol Contents]
[1 History] [2 Ranks] [3 Energetics] [4 Informatics]
[5 Politics] [6 Investment] [7 Appropriate] [8 Best They Could]
[Bibliography] [Figures] [Notes]





                          BIBLIOGRAPHY


:WAGEBIBL
                              Wages

Phelps Brown, E. H. & Hopkins, Sheila V.

  1955 SEVEN CENTURIES OF BUILDING WAGES.  _Economica_ 22:87.

       Southern England, 1264-1954.

  1956 SEVEN CENTURIES OF THE PRICES OF CONSUMABLES, COMPARED
       WITH BUILDERS' WAGE-RATES.  _Economica_ 296-314.

       Samuelson uses data "updated by author."

Samuelson, Paul A., with the assistance of William Samuelson

  1979 _ECONOMICS_.  11th ed.  New York: McGraw-Hill Book Compa-
       ny.


:METAPHOR
                            Metaphor

Benzon, William L. & Hays, David G.

  1987 METAPHOR, RECOGNITION, AND NEURAL PROCESS.  _American
       Journal of Semiotics_ 5:59-79.

van Noppen, Jean-Pierre et al., comps.

  198? _METAPHOR: A Bibliography of Post-1970 Publications_. 
       Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.


:LINGBIBL
                           Linguistics

Berlin, Brent & Kay, Paul

  1969 _BASIC COLOR TERMS: Their Universality and Evolution_.
       Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bernstein, Basil / University of London / Institute of Education

  1961 SOCIAL CLASS AND LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT: A Theory of
       Social Learning, In EESo.

  1962 LINGUISTIC CODES, HESITATION PHENOMENA AND INTELLIGENCE. 
       _Language and Speech_ 5:31-46.

  1964 ELABORATED AND RESTRICTED CODES: Their Social Origins and
       some Consequences.  _Amer. Anthrop._ 66(2 pt 2):55-69.

  1971 _CLASS, CODES AND CONTROL_: Vol 1, _Theoretical Studies
       towards a Sociology of Language_.  London: Routledge &
       Kegan Paul Ltd.

Chomsky, Noam

  1957 _SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES_.  The Hague: Mouton.

Hall, Edward Twitchell [1914- ]

  1959 _THE SILENT LANGUAGE_.  New York: Doubleday.

Hawkins, John A. & Gell-Mann, Murray, eds.

  1992 _THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN LANGUAGES_.  (Santa Fe Institute
       Studies in the Sciences of Complexity 11)  Reading, MA:
       Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

Hays, David G.

  1964 DEPENDENCY THEORY: A FORMALISM AND SOME OBSERVATIONS. 
       _Language_ 40(4):511-525.

Hays, David G.; Margolis, Enid; Naroll, Raoul & Perkins, Revere
Dale

  1972 COLOR TERM SALIENCE.  _American Anthropologist_ 74:1107-
       1121.

Keenan, Edward L. & Comrie, Bernard

  1977 NOUN PHRASE ACCESSIBILITY AND UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR.  _Lin-
       guistic Inquiry_ 8:63-99.

       Accessibility Hierarchy (AH)

       SU > DO > IO > OBL > GEN > OCOMP  66

       The Hierarchy Constraints (HCs)

       1. A language must be able to relativize subjects.
       2. Any RC-forming strategy must apply to a continuous
       segment of the AH.
       3. Strategies that apply at one point of the AH may in
       principle cease to apply at any lower point.  67

       Table 1.  Languages: Relativizable positions for RC strat-
       egies.  76-79.

       Going down AH, languages retain pronouns more often. 
       Table 2.  93

Marshall, Nancy & Glock, Marvin D.

  1978 COMPREHENSION OF CONNECTED DISCOURSE: A Study into the
       Relationships between the Structure of Text and Informa-
       tion Recalled.  _Reading Research Quarterly_ 14:10-56.

       If-then relations explicit or implied; adjectives in
       superlative, comparative, or simple form; main idea at
       beginning or end of text; designated clause at beginning
       or end of designated sentence.  Manipulations affect
       recall of community college Ss but not Ivy League college
       Ss.  Results define 2 different populations of readers.

Perkins, Revere Dale

  1980 THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURE AND GRAMMAR.  PhD thesis, State
       University of New York.

  1988 THE COVARIATION OF CULTURE AND GRAMMAR.  In _Studies in
       Syntactic Typology_ (Typological Studies in Language 17). 
       Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. 
       Hammond, Michael, Edith Moravcsik, and Jessica Wirth,
       University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee, eds., pages 359-378.

Sapir, Edward [1884-1939]

  1921 _LANGUAGE: An Introduction to the Study of Speech_.  New
       York: Harcourt, Brace and World.

       Definitively anti-evolutionary.

Swadesh, Morris [1909-1967]

  1971 _THE ORIGIN AND DIVERSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE_.  Sherzer,
       Joel, ed. & Hymes, Dell, intro.  Chicago: Aldine-Atherton
       Inc.

       Language began at most 50 kya.

       1972  London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.


:HmRvBIBL
                    The Rankshift to Sapience

Bar-Yosef, Ofer & Vandermeersch, Bernard

  1993 MODERN HUMANS IN THE LEVANT.  _Scientific American_ 268-
       (4):94-100.

Donald, Merlin / Queens University, Kingston, Ontario

  1991 _ORIGINS OF THE MODERN MIND: Three Stages in the Evolution
       of Culture and Cognition_.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-
       sity Press.

Fagan, Brian M.

  1990 _THE JOURNEY FROM EDEN: The Peopling of our World_. 
       London & New York: Thames and Hudson.

Hockett, Charles Francis / Cornell University

  1978 IN SEARCH OF JOVE'S BROW.  _American Speech_ 53:243-313.

Hockett, Charles Francis & Ascher, Robert

  1964 THE HUMAN REVOLUTION.  _Current Anthropology_ 5:135-168.

       1968 Rpt in M. Fried, 323-346.
       1974 Rpt. in Cohen.

Thorne, Alan G. & Wolpoff, Milford H.

  1992 THE MULTIREGIONAL EVOLUTION OF HUMANS.  _Scientific Ameri-
       can_ 266(4).

Wilson, Allan C. & Cann, Rebecca L.

  1992 THE RECENT AFRICAN GENESIS OF HUMANS.  _Scientific Ameri-
       can 266(4).


:COGNBIBL
                            Cognition

Barbu, Zevedei

  1960 _PROBLEMS OF HISTORICAL PSYCHOLOGY_.  New York: Grove
       Press, Inc.

Benzon,  William L., & Hays, David G.

  1988 PRINCIPLES AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL INTELLIGENCE. 
       _Journal of Social and Biological Structures_ 11:293-322.

       To account for the relation of mind and brain, we propose
       principles of modal switching, diagonalization across
       channels of perception, decision by the integration of
       positive and negative feedback systems, figural composi-
       tion of digital and image processes, and indexing from one
       subsystem into another.  The phylogeny and ontogeny of
       these principles are discussed.

Benzon,  William L., & Hays, David G.

  1990 COGNITIVE EVOLUTION.  _Journal of  Social  and  Biological 
       Structures_, 13(4):297-320.

       With cultural evolution new processes of thought appear.
       Abstraction is universal, but rationalization first ap-
       peared in ancient Greece, theorization in Renaissance
       Italy, and model building in twentieth-century Europe.
       These processes support the methods of metaphor, meta-
       lingual definition, algorithm, and control, respectively. 
       The intellectual and practical achievements of populations
       guided by the several processes and exploiting the differ-
       ent mechanisms differ so greatly as to warrant separation
       into cultural ranks.  The fourth rank is not completely
       formed, while regions of the world and parts of every
       population continue to operate by the processes of earlier
       ranks.

Frankfort, Henri;  H.A. Frankfort, John A Wilson, Thorkild
Jacobsen, & William A Irwin

  1946 _THE INTELLECTUAL ADVENTURES OF ANCIENT MAN_.  University
       of Chicago Press.

Jaynes, Julian

  1976 _THE ORIGIN OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE BREAKDOWN OF THE
       BICAMERAL MIND_.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Lassen, Niels A., Ingvar, David H. & Skinhoj, Erik

  1978 BRAIN FUNCTION AND BLOOD FLOW.  _Scientific American_
       239(4):62-71.

       Changes in the amount of blood flowing in areas of the
       human cerebral cortex, reflecting changes in the activity
       of those areas, are graphically revealed with the aid of a
       radioactive isotope.

Le Pan. Don

  1989 _THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION IN WESTERN CULTURE_: Vol 1: 
       _The Birth of Expectation_.  Houndmills, Basingstoke,
       Hampshire:  The Macmillan Press Ltd.

Powers  William T.

  1973 _BEHAVIOR: THE CONTROL OF PERCEPTION_.  Chicago: Aldine
       Publishing Company.

Van den Berg, J. H.

  1961 _THE CHANGING NATURE OF MAN: Introduction to a Historical
       Psychology_.  New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.


:AGSPREAD
                    The Spread of Agricultue

Ammerman, Albert J. [1942- ], & Cavalli-Sforza, L[uigi] L[uca]
[1922- ]

  1971 MEASURING THE RATE OF SPREAD OF EARLY FARMING IN EUROPE. 
       _Man_ 6:674-688.

       For a collection of sites, distance from Jericho is corre-
       lated with radiocarbon date of farming at the site.

  1973 A POPULATION MODEL FOR THE DIFFUSION OF EARLY FARMING IN
       EUROPE.  In Renfrew, 343-358.

  1979 THE WAVE OF ADVANCE MODEL FOR THE SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE IN
       EUROPE [EARLY FARMING].  In Renfrew & Cooke, 275-294.

  1984 _THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION AND THE GENETICS OF POPULATIONS
       IN EUROPE_.  Princeton, NJ:  Princeton University Press.

       Rev AA 87:974-975 / Meiklejohn, Christopher
       Rev Man 21:543-544 / Roberts, D. F.

Sokal, Robert R., Oden, Neal L. & Wilson, Chester / SUNY @ Stony
Brook

  1991 GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR THE SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE IN EUROPE
       BY DEMIC DIFFUSION.  _Nature_ 351(0509):143-145.

       Partial correlations of genetic distances are significant
       against a distance matrix for agriculture.  Support Ammer-
       man and Cavalli-Sforza.

Sokal, Robert R. et al.

  1992 Genetic patterns of many different European populations;
       family tree.  Correlates 0.14 with Ruhlen's linguistic
       taxonomy.  Controlling for geographic distance leaves
       0.06.  Neither Gimbutas's or Renfrew's model reduces that,
       so neither is supported.  (Proceedings of the National
       Academy of Science, reported in _Scientific American_
       267(5):28)


:CALCBIBL
                           Calculation

Apian, Peter

  1527 _EYN NEWE UNND WOLGEGRUENDEDTE UNDERWEYSUNG ALLER KAUFF-
       MANSS RECHNUNG_.  Cited in _Scientific American_ 267(5):
       100.

Fibonacci [Leonardo da Pisa]

  1202 _LIBER ABBACI_.  Also cited as ALGEBRA ET ALMUCHABALA.

       Algorithms of arithmetic received an effective European
       exposition.  (Ball 1908)

Khowarizm, Abu Ja'far Mohammed ibn Musa al-

   825 KITAB AL JABR W'AL-MUQABALA.  (Penrose 1989)

       The algorithms of arithmetic were collected.

Newman, James R.

  1956 _THE WORLD OF MATHEMATICS: A small library of the litera-
       ture of mathematics from A'h-mose the Scribe to Albert
       Einstein, presented with commentaries and notes by James
       R. Newman.  4 vols.  New York: Simon and Schuster.

van der Waerden, Bartel Leenert / Mathematisches Institut der
Universitat Zurich

  1985 _HISTORY OF ALGEBRA_.  Berlin & New York: Springer-Verlag.

       Citing a lecture by Warren Van Egmond, Waerden says that
       the Italian word 'abbaco' means 'practical arithmetic.  It
       does NOT mean 'abacus'.  So Fibonacci's _Liber abbaci_ was
       not a book about the abacus, but a book about practical
       arithmetic.  Leonardo was the son of a merchant who,
       expecting his son to be a merchant also, sent him to
       Algeria to learn arithmetic.  The son wrote books about
       what he had learned from the Muslims, and _Liber Abbaci_
       was the first.


:COMPBIBL
                           Computation

  The encyclopedias give credit for the first computer to
  Eckert and  Mauchly, the inventors of ENIAC (in fact, they
  had collaborators).  I consider that the crucial step across
  the threshold into a new  era was taken by John von Neumann,
  who is recognized as the sole inventor of the stored program
  computer and the program language;  his ideas were implement-
  ed in EDVAC, which followed ENIAC.  These  two steps were
  taken at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering  of the
  University of Pennsylvania (von Neumann was a consultant).

  Arthur Burks was a member of the EDVAC team.  He and his wife
  have  written this tendentious and tedious book to argue that
  Atanasoff, at Iowa State College, Ames, invented the first
  electronic automatic computer.  An American court has said
  that he did, but no one pays attention.

  Which is the invention of the computer:  Atanasoff's vacuum--
  tube adder with storage of numbers and a relay control unit
  that is the one permanent "program"?  Eckert and Mauchly's
  vacuum-tube arithmetic and (small) storage, with program in
  (slowly) modifiable plugboards?  Or von Neumann's stored-
  program machine in which the program can modify itself and
  programs can be written as texts in programming languages? 
  Everything you call a computer is built to von Neumann's
  design, but most of the parts were there for him to use.  Or
  was the real inventor Alan Turing?


Bernstein, Jeremy

  1964 _THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE: Computers, Past, Present, and
       Future._  New York: Random House.

Burks Alice R. [1920- ] and Arthur Walter Burks [1915- ]

  1988 THE FIRST ELECTRONIC COMPUTER:  The Atanasoff Story.  Ann
       Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

       Rev BYTE 1988 September / Vose, G. Michael & 1989 July /
       Mauchly, John William, Jr.

Burks, A. W., H. H. Goldstine, and J. von Neumann

  1946 PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION OF THE LOGICAL DESIGN OF AN ELEC-
       TRONIC COMPUTING INSTRUMENT.  Institute for Advanced
       Study.

Carpenter, B. E., and R. W. Doran, eds.

  1977 THE OTHER TURING MACHINE.  _Comp. Journal_ 20:269-279.

  1986 A. M. TURING'S ACE REPORT OF 1946 AND OTHER PAPERS_. 
       Cambridge: MIT Press and Los Angeles: Tomash Publishers.

Ceruzzi, Paul E.

  1983 _RECKONERS: The Prehistory of the Digital Computer from
       Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1933-1945_.  West-
       port, CT: Greenwood Press.

  1989 ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE, 1940-1975: A
       Coevolution.  _Annals of the History of Computing_ 10:257-
       275.

Davis, Martin

  1988 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND THE ORIGIN OF MODERN COMPUTERS.  In
       _The Universal Turing Machine: A Half-century Survey_,
       edited by Rolf Herken.  Hamburg: Kammerer & Unverzagt &
       Oxford: Oxford University Press.  Pages 149-174.

  1988 INFLUENCES OF MATHEMATICAL LOGIC ON COMPUTER SCIENCE.  In
       Herken, pages 315-326.

Hodges, A.

  1983 _ALAN TURING: The Enigma_.  London: Burnett & New York:
       Simon and Schuster.

Macrae, Norman

  1992 _JOHN VON NEUMANN: The Scientific Genius who Pioneered the
       Modern Computer, Game Theory, and Nuclear Deterrence_. 
       New York: Pantheon Books [Random House].

Turing, Alan M.

  1936 ON COMPUTABLE NUMBERS with an application to the Ent-
       scheidungsproblem.  Proceedings of the London Mathematical
       Society (2) 42:230-267, 1936-7.

  1945 PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT in the Mathematics Division of
       an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE).  National Physical
       Laboratory of Great Britain.

von Neumann, John

  1945 FIRST DRAFT OF A REPORT ON THE EDVAC.  Moore School of
       Electrical Engineering, University of  Pennsylvania.


:SCIBIBL
                             Science

Burckhardt, Jacob Christoph [1818-1897]

  1945 _THE CIVILIZATION OF THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY_.

Butterfield, Herbert

  1950 _ORIGINS OF MODERN SCIENCE 1300-1800_.  London: Bill.

       1957 New York:  The Free Press.

Cohen, I. Bernard / Harvard University

  1985 _REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE_.  Cambridge: Harvard University
       Press.

Conant, James B. / Harvard University

  1947 _ON UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE: An Historical Approach_.  Yale
       University Press.

       1953 Paper.  New York: New American Library.

       Conant was installing General Education at Harvard when he
       wrote this book.  On the cover of my Mentor paperback:  "A
       Famous Scientist Explains Science and its Role Today".

Gingerich, Owen / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

  1992 ASTRONOMY IN THE AGE OF COLUMBUS.  SA 267(5):100-105.

Hellmans, A. & B. Bunch

  1988 _THE TIMETABLES OF SCIENCE_.  New York: Simon and Schus-
       ter.

Popper, Karl Raimund, Sir [1902- ]

  1935 _LOGIK DER FORSCHUNG_.  Vienna.

       1959 _The Logic of Scientific Discovery_.  New York: Basic
       Books.  London: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd.

  1984 Critical Remarks on the Knowledge of Lower and Higher
       Organisms, the So-called Sensory Motor Systems. In Creutz-
       feld et al., 19-31.

       28: "I have developed a view of the growth of knowledge--
       of human knowledge more specifically, but also of animal
       knowledge--which differs greatly from nearly everbody
       else's.  According to this view, our knowledge is not in
       the main derived from experience, not even from experience
       as I see it: the elimination of bad guesses.  Most of our
       knowledge, and animal knowledge, and even vegetable knowl-
       edge, is rather the result of sheer invention. ... All
       organisms are professional problem solvers: before life,
       problems did not exist.  Problems and life entered the
       world together, and with them problem solving."  CWHC 203 


:POLINFO
               Information in Political Structure

Johnson, Gregory A.

  1978 INFORMATION SOURCES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DECISION-MAKING
       ORGANIZATIONS.  In Renfrew, _Social Archeology_, 87.

       With 6 or so sources, a society needs specialists in
       planning and control.  (Pfeiffer 1982:206)

  1983 DECISION-MAKING ORGANIZATION and Pastoral Nomad Camp Size. 
       _Human Ecology_ 11:175-199.

       Typical size and maximum potential range are constrained
       by limits on the ability of individuals and small groups
       to monitor and process information for decisions.

Thompson, F. B.

  1964 DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS.  In Bennett et
       al., 46-87.

       Thompson made numerical estimates of "The extent of the
       informational processes of the Department of Defense,"
       claiming only that the "logarithms are of the right order
       of magnitude":  100 billion billion "Considerations within
       area of responsibility" for DoD, with "Average time be-
       tween significant contextual changes" 1 microsecond.

       The command hierarchy facilitates control over this great
       quantity of information.  Those at higher ranks have "to
       leave certain of these details to subordinates and to deal
       with higher-level abstractions ..."  Conversely, those at
       lower ranks accept commands defining their contexts.
       Thompson's characterization of abstraction is "grouping
       otherwise discriminable aspects as a single object."  This
       is generalization; true abstraction might instead be
       phrased as "organizing otherwise unrelated aspects into
       the pattern of a single object or event."

Van der Leeuw, S. E.

  1982 INFORMATION FLOWS, FLOW STRUCTURES AND THE EXPLANATION OF
       CHANGE IN HUMAN INSTITUTIONS.  In Van der Leeuw.

       Rev AA 86:444 / Haas.  A "field" theory of information
       processing in social structure.

  1982 (Ed.) _ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF COMPLEXI-
       TY_.  Universiteit van Amsterdam.

Wirsing, Rolf, Dr.

  1973 POLITICAL POWER AND INFORMATION:  A Cross-Cultural Study. 
       _American Anthropologist_ 75:153-170.

       Power is related to number of structural levels of infor-
       mation processing.  Power: warfare, adjudication, appoint-
       ment, wealth, labor.  Number of political power positions
       increases, control depends on ability to control informa-
       tion; economic and political development tend to parallel
       each other.  TEHC 38


:WARBIBL
                               War

Andrzejewski, Stanislaw

  1954 _MILITARY ORGANIZATION AND SOCIETY_.  London: Routledge &
       Kegan Paul Ltd.

Davie, Maurice R. [1893- ]

  1929 _THE EVOLUTION OF WAR:  A Study of its Role in Early
       Societies_.  (Yale Publications in Economics, Social
       Science and Government, 1.)  New Haven, CT: Yale Universi-
       ty Press.  WPSo

       1969  Rpt.  Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press.

Ferguson, R. Brian, ed.

  1992 _TRIBAL WARFARE_.  Cited in _Scientific American_ 266(1):-
       108.

Leavitt, Gregory C.

  1977 THE FREQUENCY OF WARFARE: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE. 
       _Sociological Inquiry_ 47(1):49-58.

Otterbein, Keith F. / SUNY Buffalo / Anthropology

  1968 INTERNAL WAR:  A Cross-Cultural Study.  _American Anthro-
       pologist 70:277-289.

  1970 _THE EVOLUTION OF WAR:  A Cross-Cultural Study_.  New
       Haven: HRAF Press.  Carneiro, Robert L., foreword.

       1985 2d ed

       Cultural complexity is associated with more frequent
       external war, warfare for economic or political gain, less
       feuding, and a more stable peace following the cessation
       of fighting.  TEHC 42

       Compared:  Territorial loss - Unstable boundaries - Stable
       - Expansion  Band - Tribe - Chiefdom - State  in 50 soci-
       eties, no significant correlation.

Tefft, Stanton K. & Reinhart, Douglas

  1974 WARFARE REGULATION:  A Cross-cultural Test of Hypotheses
       among Tribal Peoples.  _Behavior Science Research 9:151-
       172.

Turney-High, Harry Hulbert [b. 1899]

  1942 _THE PRACTICE OF PRIMITIVE WAR_.  University of Montana. 
       Publications in the Social Sciences 2.

  1949 _PRIMITIVE WAR: Its Practices and Concepts_.  Columbia:
       University of South Carolina Press.

       1972 2d ed.

Wright, Quincy [1890-1970]

  1942 _A STUDY OF WAR_.  2 vols.  Chicago: University of Chicago
       Press.

       1965 2d ed.  1 vol, with a Commentary on War since 1942.

  1968 THE STUDY OF WAR.  In _International Encyclopedia of
       Social Sciences_, 16:453-468.  WPSo


:SUPRBIBL
                  The Male Supremacist Complex

              (Note: AA =_American Anthropologist_)


Divale, William Tulio [1942- ]

  1970 AN EXPLANATION FOR PRIMITIVE WARFARE:  Population Control
       and the Significance of Primitive Sex Ratios.  _New Schol-
       ar_ 2:172-193.

  1971 A THEORY OF POPULATION CONTROL IN PRIMITIVE CULTURE (Test-
       ed  Cross-culturally on 462 Societies).  M.A. thesis. 
       California State College at Los Angeles.

DivaIe, Wil1iam T., and Marvin Harris

  1976 POPULATION, WARFARE AND THE MALE SUPREMACIST COMPLEX. 
       78:521-538.

       112 societies; boys to 14 yrs outnumber girls 127:100
       before colonial power; after, 104:100. Female infanticide.
       KndH 296

  1978 THE MALE SUPREMACIST COMPLEX: Discovery of a Cultural
       Invention.  AA 80:668-671.

  1978 Reply to Lancaster and Lancaster.  AA 80:117-118.

Divale, William T., Harris, Marvin & Williams, Donald T.

  1978 On the Misuse of Statistics: A Reply to Hirschfeld et al. 
       AA 80:379-386.

Fjellman, Stephen M.

  1979 HEY, YOU CAN'T DO THAT.  _Behavior Science Research_
       14:199-200.

Hirschfeld, Lawrence A. / Columbia University

  1979 REPLY.  AA 81:349-350.

Hirschfeld, Lawrence A., James Howe, and Bruce Levin

  1978 WARFARE, INFANTICIDE, AND STATISTICAL INFERENCE.  AA
       80:110-115.

Howe, James / Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  1978 NINETY-TWO MYTHICAL POPULATIONS.  AA 80:671-673.

Kang, Gay, Susan Horan, and Janet Reis

  1979 COMMENTS.  _Behavior Science Research_ 14:201-209.

Lancaster, Chet & Lancaster, Jane Beckman

  1978 ON THE MALE SUPREMACIST COMPLEX.  AA 80:115-117.

Norton, Helen H. / University of Washington

  1978 THE MALE SUPREMACIST COMPLEX: DISCOVERY OR INVENTION?  AA
       80:665-667.


:PRDGMBIBL
                            Paradigms

Benedict, Ruth (Fulton) [1887-1948

  1934 _PATTERNS OF CULTURE_.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Hollinger, David A.

  1973 T. S. KUHN'S THEORY OF SCIENCE and its Implications for
       History.  _American Historical Review_ 78:370-393.

Holton, Gerald

  1973 THE THEMATIC COMPONENT IN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT: Origins of
       Relativity Theory and other Essays.  _Graduate Journal_
       [University of Texas @ Austin] 9 (Supplement).

  1973 _THEMATIC ORIGINS OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT_.  Cambridge, MA:
       Harvard University Press.

  1975 ON THE ROLE OF THEMATA IN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT.  _Science_
       188:328-334.

Kuhn, Thomas S.

  1962 _THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS_.  Chicago,
       University of Chicago Press.

       Any edition of this book will serve to give the reader a
       feel for the concept of a scientific "paradigm".

  1970 Logic of discovery or psychology of research.  In Lakatos
       & Musgrave.

Merton, Robert K.

  1975 THEMATIC ANALYSIS IN SCIENCE: NOTES ON HOLTON'S CONCEPT. 
       _Science_ 188:335-338.


:Po12BIBL
             Political Growth from Rank 1 to Rank 2

Abrahamson, Mark

  1969 CORRELATES OF POLITICAL COMPLEXITY.  _American Sociologi-
       cal Review_ 34:690-701.

       The more complex a society, the less important are kin
       ties and kinship organization.  TEHC 38

Carneiro, Robert Leonard

  1970 A THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE.  _Science_ 169:733-
       738.

  1972 FROM AUTONOMOUS VILLAGES TO THE STATE:  A Numerical Esti-
       mation.  In PGAI = Spooner, 64-77.

  1988 THE CIRCUMSCRIPTION THEORY: Challenge and Response. 
       _American Behavioral Scientist_ 31:497-511.

Cohen, Ronald

  1984 WARFARE AND STATE FORMATION: Wars Make States and States
       Make Wars.  In Ferguson, 329-355.

       Conflict vs consensus view of the state.  KndH 382

Cohen, Ronald, & Elman R. Service, eds.

  1978 _ORIGINS OF THE STATE: The Anthropology of Political
       Evolution_.  Philadelphia, PA: Institute for the Study of
       Human Sciences.

Crumley, Carole L. / University of Missouri, Columbia

  1976 TOWARD A LOCATIONAL DEFINITION OF STATE SYSTEMS OF SETTLE-
       MENT.  _American Anthropologist_ 78:59-73.

       "Urbanism is one of several ways to consolidate, concen-
       trate, and organize the coercive power necessary for state
       formation.  Central Place Theory (CPT) is a model of urban
       settlement frequently chosen to approach the broader
       problem of state formation, but its universal applicabili-
       ty is in doubt.  Spatial and functional definitions of
       urbanism, functional center, and functional lattice are
       derived using other theories.  A typology of state-level
       settlements.  Advantages of a locational approach to the
       investigation of settlement systems."

Dalton, George / Boston University

  1981 ANTHROPOLOGICAL MODELS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE.  In
       PPDC, 17-48.

Flannery, Kent V.

  ?    The origins of the village as a settlement type in Meso-
       america and the Near East: A comparative study.  In ???,
       23-53.

  1972 THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF CIVILIZATIONS.  _Annual Review
       of Ecology and Systematics_ 3:399-426.

       Over 20 traits for the state (403-404).

Fried, Morton Herbert [1923-1986]

  1967 _THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL SOCIETY:  An Essay in Polical
       Anthropology_.  New York: Random House.

Haas, Jonathan

  1982 _THE EVOLUTION OF THE PREHISTORIC STATE_.  = EPSt  New
       York: Columbia University Press.

       Integration requires control, which can become coercive.

Henke, Robert

  1973 A CROSS-CULTURAL TREATMENT OF CHANGES IN PREHISTORIC
       SETTLEMENT SIZE.  In MCCA, 355-360.  MRPL

Ingold, Tim

  1987 _EVOLUTION AND SOCIAL LIFE_ (Themes in the Social Scienc-
       es).  Cambridge University Press.

       Rev Man 23:413-414 / Ellen, Roy / University of Kent at
       Canterbury.

  1990 COMMENT on "Foragers, Genuine or Spurious" by Solway &
       Lee.  _Current Anthropology_ 31:130-131.

       Forager sociality is of such a different order that the
       term "society" is inappropriate.  (130-131 > ASP? 41, 43,
       45n19)

Isaac, Barry L.

       University of Cincinnati / Department of Anthropology

  1975 RESOURCE SCARCITY, COMPETITION, AND COOPERATION in Cultur-
       al Evolution.  In Brady & Isaac, 125-143.

       Chiefdom level would be possible without agriculture,
       where natural foods are plentiful.  (p. 139)

       Conquest warfare is "merely the final step in the forma-
       tion of large states."  (p. 138)

       A chiefdom does not have a monopoly on the legitimate use
       of force within the polity, but a state does.  (p. 140)

Johnson, Gregory A.

       CUNY / Hunter College / Department of Anthropology

  1973 LOCAL EXCHANGE AND EARLY STATE DEVELOPMENT in Southwestern
       Iran.  University of Michigan / Museum of Anthropology,
       _Anthropological Papers_ 51.

       Sites of four distinct sizes; material evidence of admin-
       istrative responsibility (record-keeping seals and stamps)
       in the larger sizes.  (pp. 101-113)

       Sites of 3 sizes in Early Uruk Period.  (pp. 139-141)

  1982 MONITORING COMPLEX SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND BOUNDARY PHENOM-
       ENA WITH SETTLEMENT SIZE DATA.  In Van der Leeuw.

Jones, Grant D., and Robert R. Kautz, eds. / Hamilton College

  1981 _THE TRANSITION TO STATEHOOD IN THE NEW WORLD_.  Cambridge
       & New York: Cambridge University.

       Rev AA 85:726-727 / Wright, Henry T., III.

Maisels, Charles Keith

  1987 MODELS OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION: Trajectories from the Neoli-
       thic to the State.  _Man_ n.s. 22:331-359.  = MSTS

       From kinship-ordered egalitarian society, different paths
       led to different state-ordered stratified societies.  The
       'Asiatic'/Village-State mode of production emerged from an
       identifiable centre on the basis of an extensive, uniform
       ecology; descent groups remained the corporate societal
       elements.  The organic urbanism of City-State Mesopotamia
       emerged from topographical diversity in an open-ended
       positive feedback system with many diverse inputs.  In the
       process new minimal lineage forms developed embedded in,
       and subsumed by, the household as a larger co-residential
       grouping, the latter displacing the kinship idiom as the
       basic mode of social organisation in the emerging urban
       society.  City-State stratification/urbanism was rooted in
       economic differentiation, as opposed to ideological and
       political differentiation in the Village-State.

Masumura, Wilfred T.

  1977 LAW AND VIOLENCE: A Cross-cultural Study.  _Journal of
       Anthropological Research_ 33:388-399.

       47 societies.  Authority to decide disputes and punish
       murder lower the level of violence.  Superordinate justice
       and punishment reduce violence.

Mellaart, James

  1961 EXCAVATIONS AT HACILAR: 4th Report.  _Anatolian Studies_
       11:39-75.

  1963 EXCAVATIONS AT CATAL-HUYUK 1962: Second Preliminary Re-
       port.  _Anatolian Studies_ 13:43-103.  BBPR

  1967 _CAIAL HöYöK: A Neolitbic Town in Anatolia_.  London:
       Thames & Hudson & New York: McGraw-Hill.  ALPz

  1975 _THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS IN THE NEAR EAST_.  London:
       Thames and Hudson.

Redfield, Robert [1897- ]

  1941 _THE FOLK CULTURE OF YUCATAN_.  Chicago:  University of
       Chicago Press.

       From the tribal village, through the peasant village, and
       the town, to the city, the later is less isolated, more
       heterogeneous, with more complex division of labor, a more
       complete money economy, professional specialists who are
       more secular and less sacred; weaker kinship and godparen-
       tal institutions and stronger impersonal institutions of
       control, and is less religious.

       In the more urban society the individual has greater
       freedom of choice and action; sickness is less often
       regarded as a result of moral breach but--perhaps--more
       often regarded as a result of black magic.

  1953 _THE PRIMITIVE WORLD AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS_.  Ithaca,
       NY: Cornell University Press and London: Geoffrey Cumber-
       lege, Oxford University Press.

Renfrew, Colin [1937- ]

  1972 _THE EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATION: The Cyclades and the
       Aegean in the Third Millenium B.C._  London: Methuen.

  l973 _BEFORE CIVILIZATION: The Radiocarbon Revolution and
       Prehistoric Europe_.  New York & Harmondsworth: Knopf &
       Penguin.

       1976 2nd ed.  Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.

       Chiefdom began in Western Europe as early as in Eastern
       Europe.

  1973 (Ed.) _THE EXPLANATION OF CULTURE CHANGE: Models in Pre-
       history_.  London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. & Pitts-
       burgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

  1973 MONUMENTS, MOBILIZATION AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN NEOLI-
       THIC WESSEX.  In Renfrew, 539-558.

Robbins, Michael C.

  1966 HOUSE TYPES AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS.  _Minnesota Archaeol-
       ogist_ 28:2-26.

Roscoe, Paul B.

  1988 FROM BIG-MEN TO THE STATE: A processual approach to cir-
       cumscription theory.  _American Behavioral Scientist_
       31:472-483.  RG91

Roscoe, Paul B. and Robert B. Graber, eds.

  1988 CIRCUMSCRIPTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY.  _American
       Behavioral Scientist_ 31(4).

Ross, Marc Howard

  1983 POLITICAL DECISION MAKING AND CONFLICT:  Additional Cross-
       cultural Codes and Scales.  Ethnology 22:169-192.

       42 variables, 90 societies; factor analysis of 25 vari-
       ables yields 5 scales.

       Factors:  1. Concentration of political power; 2. Central-
       ization and specialization; 3. Internal conflict; 4.
       External war and ethnocentrism;  5. Cross-cutting ties.

       1 and 2 correlate with cultural evolution (Murdock and
       Provost, Murdock and Murrow).  3 and 4 do not correlate. 
       5 correlates moderately with cultural evolution. CE*

Sahlins, Marshall David [b. 1930]

  1968 _TRIBESMEN_.  Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Sansom, Sir George B.

  1958 _A HISTORY OF JAPAN TO 1334_.  Stanford University Press.

       "... the first major steps toward state formation ... were
       taken by chiefdoms that had been in contact with China. 
       From there, they had obtained iron weapons ...  [Perhaps]
       the first chiefdoms ... were formed by peoples armed with
       bronze weapons (also obtained from China) ..."  [14-19;
       RLC 1981:57]

Service, Elman R[ogers] [b. 1915] / University of Michigan

  1962 _PRIMITIVE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: An Evolutionary Perspec-
       tive_.  New York: Random House.

       1971  2d ed.

  1966 _THE HUNTERS_.  Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Steward, Julian Haynes [1902-1972]

  1948 THE CIRCUM-CARIBBEAN TRIBES:  An Introduction.  In Stew-
       ard, 4:1-42.

Upham, Steadman, ed.

  1990 _THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS: Sociopolitics in
       Small-scale Sedentary Societies_.  Cambridge University
       Press.  ASP?

Weber, Max

  1905 (Trans 1930)  _THE PROTESTANT ETHIC AND THE SPIRIT OF
       CAPITALISM_.  Parsons, Talcott, trans.  London & New York:
       Allen and Unwin & Charles Scribner's Sons.

White, Leslie Alvin [1900-1975]

  1947 EVOLUTIONARY STAGES, PROGRESS, AND THE EVALUATION OF
       CULTURES.  _Southwestern Journal of Anthropology_ 3:165-
       192.  RLC 1973, 1976

  1949 _THE SCIENCE OF CULTURE: A Study of Man and Civilization_. 
       New York: Grove Press; also Farrar Straus and [Cudahy]
       Company.

  1959 _THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURE: The Development of Civilization
       to the Fall of Rome_.  New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,
       Inc.

       Rev AA 62:144-148 / Steward, Julian H.

Wright, Henry T. Johnson, Gregory A.

  l975 POPULATION, EXCHANGE, AND EARLY STATE FORMATION IN SOUTH-
       WESTERN IRAN.  _American Anthropologist_ 77:267-289.  CrcT


:CHIEFBIBL
                            Chiefdoms

Carneiro, Robert Leonard

  1981 THE CHIEFDOM:  Precursor of the State.  In Jones and
       Kautz, eds., 37-79 [ Po12BIBL* ]

       History of the concept; definition: "_A chiefdom is an
       autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages
       or communities under the permanent control of a paramount
       chief_" (p. 45); types; distribution; antiquity; origin;   
       growth.

Malinowski, Bronislaw

  1922 _ARGONAUTS OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC_.  London: George Rout-
       ledge and Sons & New York: Dutton.

       The paramount chief inspires great awe.  He can recruit
       warriors and claim labor.  He is master of ceremonies for
       festivities.  Uses the harvest for festivities, expedi-
       tions and objects of value.  He employs the best sorcerers
       to kill offenders by magic; and "one or two henchmen" to
       kill the gravest offenders directly.  (pp. 63-65)

Metraux, Alfred

  1942 THE NATIVE TRIBES OF EASTERN BOLIVIA.  Smithsonian Insti-
       tution / Bureau of American Ethnology.  Bulletin 134.

       P. 129: Manasi chief, in the Mojos plain:  No one can
       leave the village without permission, the young stand in
       the presence of the chief, who receives formal address and
       has a huge house and large fields worked by others.

Roth, Walter E.

  1924 AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY OF THE ARTS, CRAFTS, AND CUSTOMS OF
       THE GUIANA INDIANS.  Smithsonian Institution / Bureau of
       American Ethnology.  38th Annual Report, 1916-1917  FFDP

       P. 568: Fr Rochefort wrote of the Island Carib, "in the
       presence of the island cacique no man speaks if he does
       not ask or command him to do it."

Sahlins, Marshall David [b. 1930]

  1958 _SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN POLYNESIA.  Seattle: University
       of Washington Press.

       "... a milestone in the discussion of ..." chiefdoms.  14
       islands.  [ Carneiro* 1981:41]

       A high chief might execute a person who violated his
       tabus, stole his property, or committed adultery with his
       wife.

       "The paramount chief's servant could enter a person's
       house, seize cloth, kill pigs, take the last breadfruit,
       and pull up the houseposts for firewood, while the owner,
       even if he were a subchief, would look on without saying a
       word.  Ellis notes that farmers, on pain of banishment or
       of being used as sacrificial victims had to supply produce
       for chiefs if they stopped nearby while traveling." 
       [39-40]  The chief uses a substantial part of what he
       takes for his retinue and to live in a grand style.


:KINGBIBL
                            Kingdoms

Sanders, William T.

  1974 CHIEFDOM TO STATE: Political Evolution at Kaminaljuyu,
       Guatemala.  In Moore, 97-113.

       "'We will simply define the state here as a political
       system involving adjudicative powers and explicit manifes-
       tations of force.'"  [98; Carneiro 1981:75, n 44]

Speke, John Hanning

  1864 _JOURNAL OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE NILE_.  New
       York: Harper and Brothers.

       337-338: Saw a Ganda king send 1, 2, or 3 women to death
       almost every day.  UCSn 5.

Wittfogel, Karl August

  1957 _ORIENTAL DESPOTISM: A Comparative Study of Total Power_. 
       New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.  RLC STATE, 1973.

       Despotic regimes first emerged in ancient China, Egypt,
       Mesopotamia and India out of the desire to build and
       operate large waterworks.  The organizational structure
       necessary to success in that enterprise nurtured the
       growth of an oppressive ruling class.


:NATNBIBL
                             Nations

Colley, Linda

  1992 _BRITONS: Forging the Nation 1707-1837_.  New Haven: Yale
       University Press.

       Rev NYTBR 1011:11 / Ritvo, Harriet

       Learning to identify with the nation as a whole.

Kohn, Hans

  ?    MODERN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DOCTRINES AND REFORM MOVEMENTS:
       NATIONALISM.  In _Encyclopaedia Britannica III_, 27:469.

       The first full manifestation of modern nationalism oc-
       curred in 17th-century England, in the Puritan revolution.

       The ideas of the 18th century found their first political
       realization in the Declaration of Independence and in the
       birth of the American nation.  470.

  1944 _THE IDEA OF NATIONALISM_.  New York: Macmillan.  NtNt

       1961 Rpt.

  1955 _NATIONALISM, ITS MEANING AND HISTORY_.  Princeton,  NtNt

  1962 _THE AGE OF NATIONALISM_.  New York.  NtNt

Tilly, Charles

  1975 (Ed.) _THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL STATES IN WESTERN EU-
       ROPE_.  Princeton.  NtNt

Ward, Barbara

  1959 _FIVE IDEAS THAT CHANGE THE WORLD.  New York: W. W. Norton
       & Co., Inc.

       Nationalism, industrialism, colonialism, communism, inter-
       nationalism.


:ECOLBIBL
                             Ecology

Brown, Lester R. et al.

  1992 _STATE OF THE WORLD: 1992_.  Worldwatch Institute.

Clark, C.

  1967 _THE ECONOMICS OF IRRIGATION_.  London: Pergamon Press.

       Energy cost will prevent much more irrigation.  EAWM* 9

Forrester, Jay

  1971 _WORLD DYNAMICS_.  Cambridge, MA: Wright-Allen Press.

Fuller, R[ichard] Buckminster [1895- ]

  1969 _OPERATING MANUAL FOR SPACESHIP EARTH_.  Carbondale, IL.

Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L. Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and
William W. Behrens III

  1972 _LIMITS TO GROWTH. A Report for the Club of Rome's Project
       on the Predicament of Mankind_.  New York: Universe Books.

Odum, Eugene P.

  1959 _FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY_.  Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
       Company.

       Liebig's Law of the Minimum: populations should adjust to
       the carrying capacity of their minimum years.

       1971 3rd ed.

  1971 _ENVIRONMENT, POWER, AND SOCIETY_.  Wiley-Interscience.

Pimentel, D., Hurd, L. E., Bellotti, A. C., Forster, M. J., Oka,
I. N., Sholes, O. D. & Whitman, R. J.

  1973 FOOD PRODUCTION AND THE ENERGY CRISIS.  _Science_ 182:443.

       Energy input to corn production tripled in 25 yrs.  Indi-
       rect energy forms are 62% of energy use for growing corn.

Schumacher, E[rnst] F[riedrich] [1911-1977]

  1973 _SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL: Economics as if People Mattered_. 
       New York: Harper & Row.


:THEOBIBL
                       Theory of Evolution

Boyd, Robert & Richerson, Peter J.

  1985 _CULTURE AND THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS_.  University of
       Chicago Press.

Bronowski, Jacob (1908-1974)

       "stratified stability":  Progress occurs because of inher-
       ent stabilities that reduce backsliding.  Language is one;
       writing built on it.  In biology, replicating molecules,
       cell envelopes, sexual recombination, and brains.  CWHC
       197

Campbell, Donald T[homas] [1916- ]

  1960 BLIND VARIATION AND SELECTIVE RETENTION in creative
       thought as in other knowledge processes.  _Psychological
       Review_ 67:380-400.  CERdr Ch. 20.  CmCs 269

Corning, Peter A. [1935- ]

  1983 _THE SYNERGISM HYPOTHESIS:  A Theory of Progressive Evolu-
       tion_.  New York:  McGraw-Hill Book Company.

       5: [The hypothesis:]  "It it the selective advantages
       arising from various synergistic effects that constitute
       the underlying cause of the apparently orthogenetic (or
       directional) aspect of evolutionary history, that is, the
       progressive emergence of complex, hierarchically organized
       systems."

       13:  "In the Interactional Paradigm, social causation is
       viewed as multileveled, configural, and interactive.  It
       seeks to integrate deterministic, teleonomic (goal-direct-
       ed), and stochastic elements and--from a different per-
       spective--internal (biopsychological) and external (social
       and ecological) elements into a dynamic, hierarchical
       framework."

Dawkins, Richard / Zoology, Oxford

  1986 _THE BLIND WATCHMAKER_.  London: Longman.

Dobzhansky, Theodosius Grigorievich [1900-1975]

  1937 _GENETICS AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES_.  New York: Columbia
       University Press.

Fisher, R. A.  Statistician, England.  DrvF 26

  1930 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.  Oxford: Cla-
       rendon Press.  USNE

Goertzel, Ben

  1992 SELF-ORGANIZING EVOLUTION.  _Journal of Social and Evolu-
       tionary Systems_ 15:7-53.

       Natural selection in the creation of form:  Algorithmic
       information theory and the theory of pattern; evolution in
       immune systems and ecosystems.  Compact instructions give
       rise to complex, self-organizing structures  Fractals and
       cellular automata.  A new mathematical formulation of the
       theory of evolution by natural selection, taking into
       account ecological and intra-organismic self-organization.

Gray, Charles E[dward]

  1966 _A MEASUREMENT OF CREATIVITY IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION. 
       _American Anthropologist_ 68:1384-1417.

       Creativity peaks are "the effects of underlying cycles in
       the political, economic, and social milieu."  Simonton
       1981:628

  1972 PARADOXES IN WESTERN CREATIVITY.  _American Anthropolo-
       gist_ 74:676-688.

       Statistical data on creativity in the arts and philosophy
       Kroeber (_Configurations of Culture Growth_) dealt quali-
       tatively with this topic.

Haldane, J. B. S.

  1932 _THE CAUSES OF EVOLUTION_.  New York: Harper & London:
       Longmans.

Hull, David L. / University of Wisconsin @ Milwaukee

  1988 Science as a Process:  An Evolutionary Account of the
       Social and Conceptual Development of Science.  University
       of Chicago.  xiii + 586 pp.  $39.95

       Rev JSES 15:123-134 / Grontkowski, Christine, R. / Alfred
       (NY) University / Philosophy

       "Just as organisms in general behave in ways to increase
       their own genetic inclusive fitness, scientists tend to
       behave in ways calculated to increase their own conceptual
       inclusive fitness."  319 > JSES 15:124

       Reading this sentence, and remembering the selfish gene,
       it occurred to me that the scientist's papers are the
       genes in cultural evolution; in general, the culture
       (observable things and behaviors including speech) are the
       genome.  The organisms are persons!  920729

Huxley, Julian Sorrell, Sir [1887-1975]

  1942 _EVOLUTION: The Modern Synthesis_.  New York: Harper &
       Brothers.

       The subtitle has become a standard term.

       Progress is "all-round biological efficiency, i.e. as
       increasing control over and independence of the environ-
       ment"  PvHs 127

       Mutations and natural selection explain gradual evolution; 
       known genetic mechanisms can explain macroevolutionary
       processes and speciation.

Huxley, Julian Sorrell, Sir [1887-1975]

  1960 AT RANDOM, A TELEVISION PREVIEW.  In Tax & Callendar,
       3:41-65.

       Evolution is "a one-way process, irreversible in time,
       producing apparent novelties and greater variety, and
       leading to higher degrees of organization."  "Higher means
       more differentiated, more complex, but at the same time
       more integrated."  [44; Carneiro 1972:257]

Kauffman, Stuart A.

  1984 "Complex systems exhibit far more spontaneous order than
       we have supposed, an order that evolutionary theory has
       ignored.  But that realization only begins to state our
       problem. ... Now the task becomes much more trying, for we
       must not only envision the self-ordering principles of
       complex systems but also try to understand how such self-
       ordering interacts with, enables, guides, and constrains
       natural selection. ... Biologists are fully aware of
       natural selection, but have never asked how selection
       interacts with the collective self-ordered properties of
       complex systems.  We are entering virgin territory."  CWHC
       194

  1992 Santa Fe Institute / Biochemist

       "As one ascends in levels of complexity from quarks to
       human societies, one finds properties that cannot be
       predicted from the properties of the parts. ... no finite
       way of parsing the world into objects and laws by which
       they interact."  _Scientific American_ 267(6):22

Kroeber, Alfred

  1944 _CONFIGURATIONS OF CULTURE GROWTH_.  Berkeley: University
       of California Press.

Mayr, Ernst

  1942 _SYSTEMATICS AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES_.

       1982 Repr  New York: Columbia University Press.

       Variation exists; it is adaptive; variation within species
       is similar to variation among species.  Species arise from
       intra-specific variation.

       Taxonomy cannot be exact because evolution requires incip-
       ient species and genera.  (p. 114)

       Species are defined by the capacity for interbreeding. 
       (p. 120)

  1982 _THE GROWTH OF BIOLOGICAL THOUGHT: Diversity, Evolution,
       Inheritance_.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universitv Press.

  1988 _TOWARD A NEW PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY_.  Harvard UP.

Mendel, Gregor Johann

  1865 VERSUCHE UEBER PFLANZENHYBRIDEN.

       Laws of inheritance.  Published in an obscure local jour-
       nal, but I have read that Mendel sent a copy to Darwin. 
       The paper was rediscovered by 3 workers independently in
       1900.

Nicolis, G. [1939- ] & Prigogine, I[lya]

  1977 _SELF-ORGANIZATION IN NONEQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS_.  New York:
       John Wiley & Sons.

       "Wherever we look, we discover evolutionary processes
       leading to diversification and increasing complexity." 
       (p. 1)

       "Remarkably, the idea of evolution that appeared in phys-
       ics through the second law [of thermodynamics] was formu-
       lated almost simultaneously in the 19th century in biology
       and sociology."  [Darwin, Spencer]  (p. 2)

       "Only if appropriate [positive] feedback conditions are
       satisfied can the thermodynamic branch become unstable at
       a sufficient distance from equilibrium."  (p. 4)

       "Life considered as a result of improbable initial condi-
       tions is therefore compatible with the laws of physics
       (initial conditions can be arbitrarily chosen) but does
       not follow from the laws of physics (which do not pre-
       scribe the initial conditions)."  (p. 14)

Prigogine, I[lya]

  1955 _INTRODUCTION TO THE THERMODYNAMICS OF IRREVERSIBLE PRO-
       CESSES_.  Charles C. Thomas, Publishers.

       1967 3d ed  New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Pulliam, H. Ronald & Dunford, Christopher

  1980 _PROGRAMMED TO LEARN: An Essay on the Evolution of Cul-
       ture_.  New York: Columbia University Press.

       Rev AA 84:105-129 / Boehm, Christopher

Rensch, Bernhard / University of Munster / Zoology

  1960 _EVOLUTION ABOVE THE SPECIES LEVEL_.  New York: Columbia
       University Press.

       Rev AA 63:880-881 / Hutchinson, G. E.

Simonton, Dean Keith / University of California, Davis

  1975 SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT OF INDIVIDUAL CREATIVITY: A Trans-
       historical Time Series Analysis.  _J Personality and
       Social Psychology_ 32:1119-1133.

       Dynamic structural equation for creativity in Graeco-Roman
       and Western civilization.  The overall trend is exponen-
       tial.  Deviations are explained by extrinsic, environmen-
       tal predictors such as political fragmentation, political
       instability, imperial instability, and war or by intrinsic
       influence from previous generations.  The clustering of
       creators into configurations is due to both.  Military
       revolts, coups-d'etat, dynastic conflicts, political
       assassinations, etc., reduce creativity in the next gener-
       ation.  Revolts and rebellions against large empire
       states, increase creativity in the next generation.

Simpson, George Gaylord [b. 1902]

  1944 _TEMPO AND MODE IN EVOLUTION_.  New York: Columbia Univer-
       sity Press.

       Macroevolution usually occurs in small populations.

Taagepera, Rein & Colby, Benjamin N.

  1979 GROWTH OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION: Epicyclical or Exponen-
       tial?  _American Anthropologist_ 81:907-912.

       Exponential growth may be partially due to general popula-
       tion growth and to the tendency to discount earlier his-
       torical events.

       Gray is arbitrary and subjective, misses extraneous fac-
       tors, and cannot acceptably measure one genius relative to
       another.

Vanderburg, William H. [Willem H.]

  1985 _THE GROWTH OF MINDS AND CULTURES: A Unified Theory of the
       Structure of Human Experience_.  Ellul, Jacques, foreword. 
       Toronto, Ontario & Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto
       Press.

       Rev Man 21:786-787 / Jahoda, Marie



[Mind-Culture Coevolution Home] [Tech Evol Contents]
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